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Élie Halévy (6 September 1870 – 21 August 1937) was a French philosopher and historian who wrote studies of the British utilitarians, the book of essays, ''Era of Tyrannies'', and a history of Britain from 1815 to 1914 that influenced British historiography.〔Chase, Myrna (1980). ''Elie Halévy: An Intellectual Biography''. New York: Columbia University Press.〕 ==Biography== Élie Halévy was born in Étretat, Seine-Maritime, where his mother had fled as the German army marched on Paris. His father was the playwright Ludovic Halévy, his brother was the historian Daniel Halévy. His family was of Jewish descent, but his parents were Protestant and he was brought up as a Protestant. Halévy grew up surrounded by musicians, scholars, and politicians.〔Barker, Ernest (1938). "Elie Halevy," ''English Historical Review'' 53, pp. 79-87.〕 After studying at the École Normale Supérieure, he received his doctorate in philosophy in 1901 with the theses ''The Platonic Theory of Knowledge'' and ''The Origins of Philosophical Radicalism''. The latter formed the base of his first major study, ''The Formation of English Philosophical Radicalism'' (3 vols., 1901-1904).〔Gillispie, Charles C. (1950). "The Work of Élie Halévy: A Critical Appreciation," ''Journal of Modern History'' 22, pp. 232–249.〕 In an article of 1893, Halévy suggested that the great moral question of modern thought was how the abstract idea of duty could become a concrete aim of society. This question had first attracted him to the utilitarians, and he found at the core of their answer a fundamental contradiction. Utilitarianism, he said, was based on two principles: first, that the science of the legislator must bring together the naturally divergent interests of individuals in society; and, second, that social order comes about spontaneously through the harmony of individual interests. To Halévy, this exemplified two fundamental human attitudes toward the universe: the contemplation of the astronomer and the intervention of the engineer. In 1892, Émile Boutmy invited Halévy to lecture on English political ideas at the newly founded School of Political Science. After 1900, he alternated this course with another, on the history of socialism. At the same time he helped found the ''Revue de métaphysique et de morale'', in which he retained an interest until his death. Halévy's teaching led him to undertake annual trips to England, during which he became the intimate friend of many of the most important scholars and political figures of the age. He thoroughly explored the Jeremy Bentham manuscripts at Cambridge for his work on philosophical radicalism and over the years developed a deep and intensive knowledge of all the sources of 19th-century English history. In 1901 he began to work on the first volume of his masterpiece, the ''History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century'' (published from 1913 onwards).〔Brebner, J.B. (1948). “Halévy: Diagnostician of Modern Britain,” ''Thought'' 23 (88), pp. 101-113.〕 In this first volume, he described England in 1815 and sought to explain how England avoided violent social change.〔Brebner, J.B. (1951). “Élie Halévy,” in ''Some Modern Historians of Britain: Essays in Honor of R. L. Schuyler''. New York: The Dryden Press, pp. 235-54.〕 "If economic facts explain the course taken by the human race," he wrote, "the England of the nineteenth century was surely, above all other countries, destined to revolution, both politically and religiously." Neither the British constitution nor the Established Church was strong enough to hold the country together. He found the answer in religious nonconformity: "Methodism was the antidote to Jacobinism."〔Itzkin, Elissa S. (1975). "The Halévy Thesis: A Working Hypothesis? English Revivalism: Antidote for Revolution and Radicalism 1789-1815," ''Church History'', Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 47-56.〕〔Walsh, J. D. (1975). "Elie Halévy and the Birth of Methodism," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', Fifth Series, Vol. 25, pp. 1-20.〕 He did not write his history in chronological sequence, nor did he live to complete it. The second and third volumes of this history (1923) carried the story up to 1841. Then Halévy, profoundly moved by World War I, turned his attention to the period from 1895 to 1914. The two volumes on this period (published in 1926-1930) were written with considerable detachment, considering the immediacy of the problems he discussed. Together with Célestin Bouglé he would republish a set of Saint-Simonian lectures of the 1830, bundled in the 1924 work ''Doctrine de Saint-Simon''. In lectures of 1929, revised in 1936 (published in 1938; ''The Era of Tyrannies''), Halévy argued that the world war had increased national control over individual activities and opened the way for de facto socialism. In opposition to those who saw socialism as the last step in the French Revolution, he saw it as a new organization of constraint replacing those that the Revolution had destroyed. Wallas translates: In what proved to be his last work (which he did not live to complete), Halévy began to bridge the gap between 1841 and 1895 with a volume entitled ''The Age of Peel and Cobden (1841-1852)''. A liberal individualist to the last, Halévy died at Sucy-en-Brie on 21 August 1937. His publishers posthumously commissioned R. B. McCallum to contribute a supplementary essay to link this volume with the concluding ones, the whole appearing under the title ''Victorian Years'' in 1961. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Élie Halévy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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